Nature, 12 June 2025, Volume 642 Issue 8067
《自然》，2025年6月12日，第642卷，8067期
物理学Physics
The structure of liquid carbon elucidated by in situ X-ray diffraction
原位X射线衍射解析液态碳结构
▲ 作者：D. Kraus, J. Rips, M. Schorner et al.
▲链接：
articles/s41586-025-09035-6
▲摘要：在此，通过X射线自由电子激光器的原位X射线衍射，我们在约100万个大气压的压力下对液态碳进行了精确的结构测量。我们的结果显示了一个具有瞬态键、平均约有四个近邻的复杂流体，与量子分子动力学模拟一致。
我们获得的数据证实了对宇宙中最丰富的元素之一的液态的理解，并可以测试熔化线的模型。其中所展示的实验能力为在极端条件下对由轻元素组成的液体的结构进行类似的研究开辟了道路。
▲ Abstract：Here we present a precise structure measurement of liquid carbon at pressures of around 1 million atmospheres obtained by in situ X-ray diffraction at an X-ray free-electron laser. Our results show a complex fluid with transient bonding and approximately four nearest neighbours on average, in agreement with quantum molecular dynamics simulations. The obtained data substantiate the understanding of the liquid state of one of the most abundant elements in the universe and can test models of the melting line. The demonstrated experimental abilities open the path to performing similar studies of the structure of liquids composed of light elements at extreme conditions.
化学Chemistry
Preparation of a neutral nitrogen allotrope hexanitrogen C2h-N6
制备中性分子氮同素异形体C2h-N6
▲ 作者：Weiyu Qian (钱伟煜), Artur Mardyukov Peter R. Schreiner
▲链接：
articles/s41586-025-09032-9
▲摘要：在此，我们展示了通过氯或溴与叠氮化银的气相反应在室温下制备中性六氮分子（N6），然后在10K时将其捕获在氩气基质中。我们还在液氮温度（77K）下制备了整齐的N6薄膜，并进一步证明了其稳定性。
红外和紫外—可见光谱、15N同位素标记和理论计算都有力地支持了我们的发现。亚稳态分子氮同素异形体的制备有助于我们的基础科学知识，并可能为未来的储能概念开辟新的机会。
▲ Abstract：Here we present the room-temperature preparation of molecular N6 (hexanitrogen) through the gas-phase reaction of chlorine or bromine with silver azide, followed by trapping in argon matrices at 10 K. We also prepared neat N6 as a film at liquid nitrogen temperature (77 K), further indicating its stability. Infrared and ultraviolet–visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, 15N-isotope labelling and ab initio computations firmly support our findings. The preparation of a metastable molecular nitrogen allotrope beyond N2 contributes to our fundamental scientific knowledge and possibly opens new opportunities for future energy-storage concepts.
地球科学Earth Science
Ru and W isotope systematics in ocean island basalts reveals core leakage
洋岛玄武岩Ru、W同位素系统揭示岩芯渗漏
▲ 作者：Nils Messling, Matthias Willbold et al.
▲链接：
articles/s41586-025-09003-0
▲ 摘要：在此，我们报道了洋岛玄武岩的钌同位素异常。夏威夷玄武岩的ε100Ru高于周围的地幔。结合非放射性成因的钨（W）同位素比值，可以判断出地核对地幔源的贡献。
夏威夷玄武岩的Ru和W同位素组合系统最好用简单的岩芯夹带作用进行解释，但在岩芯—地幔边界添加岩芯衍生的氧化矿物是可能的。
▲ Abstract：Here we report Ru isotope anomalies for ocean island basalts. Basalts from Hawaii have higher ε100Ru than the ambient mantle. Combined with unradiogenic tungsten (W) isotope ratios, this is diagnostic of a core contribution to their mantle sources. The combined Ru and W isotope systematics of Hawaiian basalts are best explained by simple core entrainment but addition of core-derived oxide minerals at the core–mantle boundary is a possibility.
农学Agriculture
The phased pan-genome of tetraploid European potato
四倍体欧洲马铃薯的阶段性泛基因组
▲ 作者：Hequan Sun, Sergio Tusso et al.
▲链接：
articles/s41586-025-08843-0
▲摘要：在此，我们展示了从10个历史马铃薯品种的分阶段基因组组装产生的欧洲马铃薯的泛基因组，其中包括在欧洲分离的所有单倍型的约85%。单倍型之间的序列多样性非常高（例如，比人类高20倍），这是由于来自野生马铃薯物种的大量基因渗入。
相比之下，单倍型多样性非常低，这与驯化和向欧洲过渡造成的种群瓶颈一致。为了说明泛基因组的实际应用，我们将其转换成单倍型图，并使用它来生成分阶段的、百万级规模的商业马铃薯品种（包括著名的炸薯条马铃薯“Russet Burbank”）的伪基因组组装。
综上，我们提出了一个几乎完整的同源四倍体欧洲马铃薯的泛基因组，并且描述了驯化作物中非常高的序列多样性，同时概述了如何利用这一资源来加速基因组学辅助育种和研究。
▲ Abstract：Here we present the pan-genome of European potatoes generated from phased genome assemblies of ten historical potato cultivars, which includes approximately 85% of all haplotypes segregating in Europe. Sequence diversity between the haplotypes was extremely high (for example, 20× higher than in humans), owing to numerous introgressions from wild potato species. By contrast, haplotype diversity was very low, in agreement with the population bottlenecks caused by domestication and transition to Europe. To illustrate a practical application of the pan-genome, we converted it into a haplotype graph and used it to generate phased, megabase-scale pseudo-genome assemblies of commercial potatoes (including the famous French fries potato ‘Russet Burbank’) using cost-efficient short reads only. In summary, we present a nearly complete pan-genome of autotetraploid European potato, we describe extraordinarily high sequence diversity in a domesticated crop, and we outline how this resource might be used to accelerate genomics-assisted breeding and research.
生物学Biology
Light-microscopy-based connectomic reconstruction of mammalian brain tissue
基于光学显微镜的哺乳动物脑组织连接组重建
▲ 作者：Mojtaba R. Tavakoli, Julia Lyudchik et al.
▲链接：
articles/s41586-025-08985-1
▲摘要：光学显微镜虽能特异性观测分子，但由于分辨率、对比度和三维成像能力的限制，其在密集突触级神经环路重构中的应用一直难以实现。
在此，我们描述了基于光学显微镜的连接组学（LICONN）。我们将专门设计的水凝胶嵌入和扩展与全面的基于深度学习的连接分割和分析相结合，从而将分子信息直接纳入脑组织的突触级重建。
LICONN将有助于在生物学实验中以易于采用的方式对脑组织进行突触水平的表型分析。
▲ Abstract： Light microscopy is uniquely positioned to visualize specific molecules, but dense, synapse-level circuit reconstruction by light microscopy has been out of reach, owing to limitations in resolution, contrast and volumetric imaging capability. Here we describe light-microscopy-based connectomics (LICONN). We integrated specifically engineered hydrogel embedding and expansion with comprehensive deep-learning-based segmentation and analysis of connectivity, thereby directly incorporating molecular information into synapse-level reconstructions of brain tissue. LICONN will allow synapse-level phenotyping of brain tissue in biological experiments in a readily adoptable manner.
医学Medicine
Global evolution of inflammatory bowel disease across epidemiologic stages
炎症性肠病在流行病学阶段的全球演变
▲ 作者：Lindsay Hracs, Joseph W. Windsor et al.
▲链接：
articles/s41586-025-08940-0
▲ 摘要：在20世纪，炎症性肠病（IBD）被认为是北美、欧洲和大洋洲早期工业化地区流行的一种疾病。21世纪之交，IBD发病率在非洲、亚洲和拉丁美洲的新兴工业化区域有所增加，同时在早期工业化区域的患病率也继续稳步增长。
在此，通过使用涵盖了82个全球地区、跨越一个多世纪（1920至2024年）的522项人口研究的真实世界数据，我们展示了第1—3阶段和模型第4阶段的时空变化。了解IBD在各个流行病学阶段的演变，使医疗保健系统能够更好地预测IBD的未来全球负担。 ▲ Abstract：During the twentieth century, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) was considered a disease of early industrialized regions in North America, Europe and Oceania. At the turn of the twenty-first century, IBD incidence increased in newly industrialized and emerging regions in Africa, Asia and Latin America, while the prevalence in early industrialized regions continued to grow steadily. Here, using real-world data from 522 population-based studies encompassing 82 global regions and spanning more than a century (1920–2024), we show spatiotemporal transitions across stages 1–3 and model stage 4 progression. Understanding the evolution of IBD across epidemiologic stages enables healthcare systems to better anticipate the future worldwide burden of IBD.
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